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History of Physical Education Essay - 1326 Words

Physical education is defined nowadays as a â€Å"systematic instruction in sports, exercises, and hygiene given as part of a school or college program† (Park). When most people think of the term â€Å"physical education† they think of it as â€Å"a broad, inclusive term comprising the fields of physical education, health education, safety education, athletics, recreation, dance education, kinesiology and so on† (Zeigler 1). It may sometimes be referred to as physical training or gym class and mainly is taught in grades kindergarten all to the way up to your senior year in high-school in the United States. The history of physical education dates way back to the Greek and Roman times and has slowly evolved into what it is now today. There is a†¦show more content†¦So things such as running, jumping, swimming, wrestling and boxing were all part of the Roman education system and were used for military preparation as well. There were also sporting event s that the Roman Empire put on in honor of the gods they worshipped similar to that of the Greeks (Siedentop 24-25). Back in those days of the Greek and Roman women were not able to participate in physical education and sport to the same degree as men, so they never had the same chances that men did. Greeks would never let women partake in physical education, but the Romans were not quite as harsh letting them occasionally do dancing or light exercise. Once the fall of the Roman Empire happened it became what was known as the dark ages for physical education (Siedentop 25). It was a period of 1,000 years â€Å"in which physical activity, sport, and fitness diminished in importance amid political and economic chaos† (Siedentop 25). The Roman and the Greek civilizations were a great influence on the European culture and philosophies. Europeans then eventually came to settle in America (Siedentop 24). This meant that early ideas and perspective on physical education in the United States were based on European traditions and beliefs which were based on the Roman and Greek culture. Physical education did not really start to make a comeback until the seventeenth and eighteenth century. This is around the time when the European settlers were migratingShow MoreRelatedHistory of Physical Education2545 Words   |  11 PagesPREFACE To provide a meaningful background of physical education and sport in modern society it is helpful to have a clear understanding of its role in the past and how it emerged. The purpose of this assignment is to outline the history of physical education since time immemorial. The text begins with the beginning of the humankind engaging in physical activities, showing the history of physical education and sport being a rich tapestry of people, places, events and social forces from early civilizationRead MorePhysical Education during The Enlightenment: History and Immediate Affects1879 Words   |  8 Pagesrequired to take many different types of physical education and health classes. In the first few years they more than likely would have learned some of the basic movements: hop, skip, jump, and gallop. As the years pass, they would go on to learn how to play different sports and proceed to specialize in different aspects of sports. Today the United States is facing an epidemic in w hich parents could outlive their children due to unhealthy bodies. The physical well being of the younger generationRead MoreThe Need for Physical Education in Our Culture1279 Words   |  6 PagesMost people recognize that physical education is important to stay healthy and live a balanced lifestyle. However, our culture’s focus on this truth is rapidly diminishing. Over hundreds of years ago, the ancient Greeks held physical education superior to many other things. According to Encyclopedia Americana (2014), the article about the history of physical education, states that the Greeks â€Å"strove for physical perfection and the total development of the body.† Years later, in 2008, a study doneRead MorePediatric Abusive Head Trauma1146 Words   |  5 Pagesand Prevention (2012), states that among all the forms of child abuse, head trauma is the leading cause of death and disability and is the most preventable. Pediatric abusive head trauma has a greater mortality an d morbidity than any other form of physical abuse. Early recognition and accurate diagnosis are essential for children that present with this traumatic injury. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012), the incidence of pediatric abusive head trauma vary, but mostRead MoreThe Historical Development And Influences On Physical Education1707 Words   |  7 PagesEugene Pring S3547404 Times are Changing: The History of Physical Education in Australia Topic: Discuss the historical development and influences on Physical Education in Australia and how this has impacted on the current Physical Education programs in Victoria, Australia OHTH2122 Teaching Methods of Health Physical Education 1B Lecturer: Kate Jenkinson Part B - Essay Response (30%) Due: 4pm Tuesday 25th August 2015 (Week 6) Word Count: words. Submitted to the School ofRead MoreGerman History Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesMost would agree that it is valuable to acknowledge history, whether it be through documentation, education, or architectural preservation. However, history can be complex and ugly, stained by war, genocide, and destruction. Therein lies a philosophical controversy: should these historical â€Å"stains† be acknowledged or buried? What role do these ugly histories have in the development of a society? Within the last century, no nation has been forced to confront these questions on the same scale thatRead MorePhysical Therapists Provide Rehabilitation For Injuries And Help Maintain Stability1339 Words   |  6 PagesPhysical Therapy Physical Therapists provide rehabilitation for injuries and help maintain stability. â€Å"Some history of Physical Therapist formed their first professional association in 1921 called the American Women’s physical therapeutic association. In the late 1940s, the association had changed its name to the American Physical Therapy Association. Physical Therapy was developed when the association’s membership swelled to 8,000 and the number of physical therapy education programs across theRead MorePhysical Therapy And Occupational Therapy1633 Words   |  7 PagesPhysical/Occupational Therapy Abstract The history of Physical Therapy and Occupational was first developed in 1912; President Mary McMillan, an executive committee of elected officers, led the association. Physical therapy is a healthcare profession primarily concerned with the remediation of impairments and the disabilities of people. PTs diagnose and treat individuals of all ages with injuries that limit movement and the ability to perform functional activities in their daily lives.Read MoreThe Value of Physical Education to the Ancient Greeks and Romans1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe Value of Physical Education to the Ancient Greeks and Romans Throughout history, society has placed a different value on physical education and sport. The purpose of physical education has changed over different time periods and as a result of ever-changing socio-cultural events. Some civilizations use the practice of physical education to prepare for war, some for profit, and some for a general all-around development. Three ancient cultures are of particular importance to development ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Education On Schools1277 Words   |  6 PagesOver many decades physical education has been a source of debate in whether it is an essential asset to a schools curriculum. With a failing economy at hand the first subjects to be eradicated are music, drama, and physical education. Dr. Dudley Sargent, a pioneer in physical education at Harvard University, suggest otherwise. In his article, Physical Training as a Compulsory Subject, Sargent argues that physical education is not only beneficial to the individual but is a great a sset to a schools

The Case Study Of James, A Twenty Year Old Male University...

PSYCH 108- JAMES CASE STUDY This essay will explore the case study of James, a Twenty year old male university student who has been referred by his GP to the counselling services for having a chronic low mood. Becks Basic cognitive model is an idea that aims to provide linkage between key negative events in a person’s history and mental illnesses, most particularly depressions. (Watkins, 1997)The first step of the model is labelled early life experiences and the development of core and conditional beliefs; together these two areas outline the linkage between core beliefs that a person holds about themselves and the individual’s early life experiences. The first core belief that can be identified within the case study is James’s reoccurring belief that he is in some way ‘dumb’. The case study explains this was first encoded when he was in primary school, where his siblings and classmates alike use to mock him because of his learning difficulties. The next two core beliefs transpire from a single event, as it is explained that James felt that he couldn’t receive the same amount of recognition as his siblings and therefore has always had a need to prove himself. Yet, because of this factor combined with his learning difficulties he was a Black sheep, promoting the idea that he felt different from the rest of his family. The reason why it is plausible that these ideas are James’s core beliefs is because of the frequency over his lifespan that he has referred to them, forShow MoreRelatedSuicide And The College Life1918 Words   |  8 PagesJames Dykes SOC 201 Professor Bobys 28 October 2014 Suicide and the College Life Among the general population of young adults aged eighteen to twenty four, homicide and suicide are, respectively, the second and third leading causes of death. While no studies currently compare homicide and suicide rates on campuses, the risk of homicide is generally lower, and many campus professionals dedicated to suicide prevention and mental health promotion often refer to suicide as the second leading cause ofRead MorePoverty Of South Carolina Is An Issue For All Citizens Essay4819 Words   |  20 Pagesdeveloped a definition of persistent poverty. Persistent poverty is defined â€Å"counties as being persistently poor if 20 percent or more of their populations were living in poverty over the last 30 years† (measured by the 1980, 1990 and 2000 decennial censuses and 2007-11 American Community Survey 5-year estimates). Using this official definition from ERS, there are currently 353 persistently poor counties in the USA; or just over eleven percent of all counties in the country. Interestingly andRead MoreTeachers’ Personality Traits: Its Impact to the Academic Performance of the Grade Vi – Pupils of University of Rizal System Tanay Main Campus8272 Words   |  34 Pagesof desirable learning, counsellors of learners, consultant and resource persons, researchers and evaluator and manager of the teaching – learning situation. With these crucial roles, teachers really need to be competent. Studies conducted in the Philippine Normal University had the following results: when teachers teach, they manifest one or more characteristics which at the same time contribute to an overall positive effect on pupils’ performance, habits and skills and their social relationshipRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa and the Role of the Court3011 Words   |  13 PagesSeveral pertinent factors favor enacting a law that would force an individual with a severe eating disorder to receive help. No matter what their age, whether eighteen, twenty-four, or thirty-six, people can still reach the point where they are so sick that the disease has taken over their ability to think logically. My heart is slowly breaking and searching for the answers as my sister seems to get sicker and sicker. I am helpless, yet I have a truth within me, the knowledge that a higher powerRead MoreFraud Detection : The Value Of Internal Control6023 Words   |  25 PagesEMPIRE STATE COLLEGE OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AUDITING FINAL PAPER FRAUD DETECTION: THE VALUE OF INTERNAL CONTROL by OLUIMI AKINDEINDE 2012 â€Æ' Abstract Fraud is present in all aspect of life. It is very common in business environment. Business organizations try to do their best to ensure that fraudulent practices do not put them out of business. Case study is used to establish the value of internal anti-fraud control and to point out that a small business can implementRead MoreFraternity Hazing5319 Words   |  22 Pagesfraternities and pledging. As a result, Dr. Mark Taff resorted in his article that, ..a series of 168 cases of injuries and deaths related to fraternity hazing activities...[occurred] in the United States between 1923 and 1982 (2113). Young college men are being hospitalized and even worse, dying, just for a couple of friends that give them a sense of belonging. The major causes of hazing are the students wanting a sense of belonging in a big college campus, the colleges infrequent knowledge of whatRead MoreThe Benefits Of Video Games4102 Words   |  17 Pages The Benefits of Videogames Over the years there has been a huge controversy over video games; the number one being the effect on the development of children, and this seems to be used a lot as a way to stigmatize gaming as something entirely destructive. In general, there are many misconceptions about video games. The Entertainment Software Association estimates that around 60% of Americans, around 145 million people in all, currently play some type of video game. Despite the common view of videoRead MoreVideo Games Help Build Trust And Teamwork4085 Words   |  17 PagesOver the years there has been a huge controversy over video games; the number one being the effect on the development of children, and this seems to be used a lot as a way to stigmatize gaming as something entirely destructive. In general, there are many misconceptions about video games. The Entertainment Software Association estimates that around 60% of Americans, around 145 million people in all, currently play some type of video game. Despite the common view of video games as being for kidsRead MoreWhitman and Homosexuality Essay3150 Words   |  13 Pagesdeny Whitmans deviance; later critics accepted his homosexuality yet framed it as a marginalized truth; and contemporary critics have exploded in response to these years of oppression, outing Whitman in loud declarations of his intense feelings for men. In 1914, Basil de Selincourt in his work, Walt Whitman: A Critical Study, fights desperately against the homosexual innuendos and imagery in the Calamus poems, failing to name directly, in the process, that of which he is trying to proveRead More Characterization, Symbolism, and Repetition in Hundred Years of Solitude1879 Words   |  8 PagesCharacterization, Symbolism, and Repetition in One Hundred Years of Solitude  Ã‚   The names of characters often suggest something about their personalities, either straightforwardly or ironically. Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude, Prudencio Aguilar is neither prudent nor eagle-like (aguila means eagle in Spanish).   Repetition of names and behaviors is another technique of characterization. Certain character types, e.g., the contemplative, stubborn man, or the impetuous, forceful

Jet Blue Case Analysis - 1001 Words

Jetblue Case Analysis Jetblue set out to provide its customers with a great airlines experience. Neeleman’s goal was to provide customers with â€Å"the types of amenities reserved for the pricier carriers, including wider seats †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and 24 channels of in-flight television† ( Case study pg 400) One of Jetblue and Neeleman’s biggest challenges was to keep offering all these amenities while still competing with the big carriers by keeping their prices 50 to 60 percent lower on the same routes. As they grew and hired more employees they found it harder to maintain the same level of customer service across the board. Also other carriers began to compete with them in the lowprice arena. These bigger airlines had more planes and employees to they†¦show more content†¦JetBlue announced it would spend $20 to $30 million in effort to appease thousands of stranded customers that were affected. The Bill of Rights works by offering vouchers to customers who experience delayed f lights while flying with JetBlue. $25 for flights delayed one to two hours and up to a free round trip ticket for flights delayed up to 6 hours. Will the Customer’s Bill of Rights work in recovering the image JetBlue has tried so hard to create? In my opinion, yes I do think it will. Angry customers who had to deal with the delays on the initial happening will be provided an entire free ticket, and customers who deal with this in the future will be provided with vouchers or tickets as well. What else can an airline company do, errors happen and some may be out of the company’s control. The company must deal with how the error is handled and that is exactly what JetBlue is doing. Several actions and guidelines should be followed by JetBlue in order to insure the companies viability and future success. The launch of the Cutover’s Bill or Rights was a good step in the right direction, but company executives must work closely with their public affairs team to raise its awareness. JetBlue executives must also work with marketing executives to promote the Customer Bill of Rights with large stakeholder groups and already existing customers. JetBlue executives must support this bill of rights 100% in order to restore the company’s image. This means followingShow MoreRelatedJet Blue Case Analysis1316 Words   |  6 PagesJet Blue Case Part 1 Analysis: Financial Analysis- JetBlue, despite the hard times facing the airline industry, is doing well in comparison to its competitors. It is a much smaller company earning as much as $18 million less than its competitors in operating revenues (American had the most at 20,657 million and JetBlue had 1,701 million). However, with that being said, it is the only leading airline to show an operating profit besides Southwest. Does this mean JetBlue was successful? Read MorePotential Analysis of Jet Blue: A Case Study747 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Part 1 Overview and Fiscal Analysis - One of the prime examples of the new paradigm in the airline industry is Jet Blue, an American low-cost, no-frills airline. Its main base is JFK international airport in Queens, NY. The airlines main destinations are U.S. hubs, flights to the Caribbean and Bahamas, and some to Central and South America. It is a non-union airline with a fleet of just under 200 craft, with another 50 ordered. The primary strategy for Jet Blue i s the customer value propositionRead MoreFinancial Statement Analysis Of Jet Blue Airways Corporation Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesStatement Analysis – Jet Blue Airways Corporation (JBLU) Summary of the Company Jet Blue Airways Corporation, a passenger transportation company that provides â€Å"93 destinations in 28 states in the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 19 countries in the Caribbean and Latin America† (Yahoo Finance). Jet Blue Airways Corporation is based in Long Island City, New York. Financial Ratio Analysis After computing the current ratio of Jet BlueRead MoreFinancial Ratios Of The Airline Company Jet Blue And What Ratios Mean For That Business Moving Forward996 Words   |  4 Pagesairline company Jet Blue and what the ratios mean for that business moving forward. The computation and interpretation of financial ratios assist managers in managing debt assets, assess liquidity, profitability and market performance. Those ratios include: a) Return on Assets b) Return on Equity c) Return on Capital d) Gross Margin e) SGA Margin f) Current Ratio g) Quick Ratio h) Total Debt/Equity i) Total Revenue j) Gross Profit Finance and Operations: Jet Blue FinancialRead MoreFactors Affecting the Airline Industry1510 Words   |  6 Pagesbrand or success of its operations. In most cases, the airline industry and market seems to be extremely competitive because of the increase in the number of airlines and flight schedules. Airlines in this industry gain competitive advantages over their rivals through differentiation of their services from that of their competitors. One of the major aspects that help airlines to gain competitive advantages is through conducting a positioning analysis in order to understand the perceptions and expectationsRead MoreSwot Analysis : Southwest Airlines1285 Words   |  6 PagesDallas, Texas. This paper will reflect and analyze the current situation of Southwest and the rest of the airline business by using the PESTEL analysis, value chain analysis, and the ROS, which will compare them to their competitors such as Jet Blue, Delta, and American airlines. In analyzing the airline industry, the first framework to use is the PESTEL analysis, which assesses the strategic relevance of the six principal components. Only a few of the components are a deciding factor in the airlineRead MoreSwot Analysis of Jet Blue1639 Words   |  7 PagesSWOT ANALYSIS Strengths JetBlue find its strength from the following: Strong Brand JetBlue is considered as a strong brand widely known among the people of US. JetBlue was named the  number  one U.S.  domestic  airline by Coned Nast Traveler magazine’s â€Å"Readers’ Choice Awards† for the six years in a row. This further strengthen people’s trust to JetBlue and improves the company’s brand name and credibility among its clients and competitors. Unique flying experience JetBlue offers a new flying experienceRead MoreSwot Analysis : Southwest Airlines1305 Words   |  6 Pagesworld s largest low-cost carrier. The airline was created by Herb Kelleher in 1967. Their headquarters are in Dallas, Texas. By using the PESTEL analysis, Value Chain Analysis, and the Return Of Sales (ROS), I will analyze Southwest. It will compare them to their competitors such as Jet Blue, Delta, and American Airlines. In using the PESTEL analysis, only half of the components are a deciding factor in the airline industry. They are the political, economical, and technological factors. First,Read MoreAirline Business : Jet Blue Airways2095 Words   |  9 Pages Phase 2 Industry Jet Blue Airways is a part of the transportation industry, specifically the airline business. Air travel remains a large and growing industry. It facilitates economic growth, world trade, international investment and tourism and is therefore central to the globalization taking place in many other industries. The commercial aviation industry in the United States alone has grown dramatically since the end of World War II. In the past decade, air travel has become more and more popularRead MoreJetBlue case analysis3419 Words   |  14 Pagesexternal environment of JetBlue airways we will use the PESTEL analysis. PESTEL analysis stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environment and Legal analysis†. Political Factors How and to what extent the government does intervenes in the economy. Political factors can be tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors that are found in the JetBlue case are: Government monitors the airline industry more scrupulously

The Bay Of Pigs Invasion Into Cuba - 2257 Words

The Bay of Pigs invasion into Cuba can be seen as one of the most important political decisions in the history of the United States. Four months after John F. Kennedy took office as the thirty fifth President of the United States, he was blamed for the failed invasion of the Bay of Pigs. The failure was due to the lack of bad advice he received and then used to put into making his decision to invade. The decisions he made showed that the United States President and his Joint Chiefs were far from perfect. Bay of Pigs was a secretly organized coup in Cuba that resulted in many consequences that Kennedy would be forced to face. Politically, Kennedy decided to pursue the foreign policy decision to invade in order to stop the spread of†¦show more content†¦Then after a series of many miscalculations the invasion was a complete failure. This failure then served to strengthen Fidel Castro’s rise to more power and the Cuban ties with the Soviet Union. In the end Kennedy decid ed that plausible deniability would be insupportable and claimed full responsibility for the decision to invade Cuba: â€Å"There’s an old saying that victory has a hundred fathers and defeat is an orphan... I am the responsible officer of the government.† (Kornbluh 3) In 1961 international affairs and politics were dominated by consequences of the cold war in years past as Kennedy addressed in his State of the Union, â€Å"Our greatest challenge is still the world that lies beyond the Cold war†¦ To meet this array of challenges†¦ we must reexamine and revise our whole arsenal of tools: military, economic and political†¦ We intend to give equal attention to both.† (Gardner 24) The West was not holding any chance of winning; as stated in the Rockefeller Report in 1958 â€Å"Unless present trends are reversed, the world balance of power will shift in favor of the Soviet bloc.† (Rockefeller Annual Report 127) The Congo was being threatened by the Soviet Union, Laos was being threatened by Communist forces, and the Cuban revolution was gaining ground further and further left. This threat of a Communist state being so close to U.S. shores caused many Americans to believe the revolution was a threat to the

Bank Funding Structures and Evidence Risk - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Bank Funding Structures and Evidence Risk. Answer: Introduction: The financial crisis of 2007-2008 in the United States is often described as an example of faulty investment decisions by corporate world and household sector. The faulty investment decision resulted in inflation, huge financial losses and insolvency of several organisations. The downturn was so powerful that it impacted the whole economy of the United States and the world causing a serious lack of liquid capital. The liquidity of capital gripped the business organisations, even the big ones which created a shortage of liquid money thus reducing cpaitral flow between the household and the industrial sectors. The economic crisis was so dangerous that it forced big American banks Meryl Lynch, Lehman Brothers and AIG to file for bankruptcy. The crisis was related to lack of regulation of derivative markets and housing industry. According to experts the financial crisis of 2007-2008 was caused by lack of government and institutional control on the housing loan sector. The government of t he United States made law to help the middle class Americans get mortgage loans to build houses at high default rate. A large number of home buyers were willing to borrow money from the banks like Merill Lynch which led to the prices of the houses plummet. The people started taking debts to make houses but were unable to pay back. This led to a fall in the value of the financial securities and derivative market. It created a liquidity crisis for the big banks which were forced to close their operations. The federal government of the United States took over AIG to save it from bankruptcy. The financial crisis took the stock market into its clutches and the entire global securities and derivative market crashed. The led to liquidity shortage in the world which had far reaching consequences (Reinhart, 2013). The global financial crisis showed the world that operational, credit and systemic risks are interconnected and can lead to devastation of the world economy. The United States government created a high risk or subprime mortgage loan to enable the low and the middle class Americans to buy houses. The financial institutions bundled these asset products and sold them to the borrowers. These loans were often bundled with other financial and derivative instruments to attract maximum number of borrowers. Presence of high demand led to a high rise in the prices of houses which once again encouraged people to take more loans. The regulatory bodies in order to ensure the success of the loans easily approved loans through slack underwriting criteria. This led to improper examination of the borrowers credibility to pay back the loan which led to erosion of the value of the securities instruments. Money lent on loans and mortgages act as asset for the banks which generate huge interest income fo r them. The bankruptcy of the vast middle class population created took its toll on the earnings of the banks like Lehman Brothers with advanced risk management systems which appealed the Bank of America and Barclays to take it over (Mensah, 2015). The law of mortgage created by the federal government lacked foresight and left the institutes free to misuse the products to earn high rate of interest. The household sector borrowed without considering its limited financial resources to pay back loans and debts. The regulatory authorities and the approving departments of the banks approved the loans easily without assessing the financial background of the borrowers(Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). They did not examine whether the borrowers were capable of paying the debt back to the banks so that the banks could use it for further lending and earning of revenue in form of interest. It can be stated that the financial crunch of 2007-2008 was consequences of lack of efficiency on the side of th e governments, banks, estate companies and household sector to operate a new profitable law. This operational risk turned a law passed to boost money into the house sector into a reason behind a global financial crisis and credit risk (Helleiner, 2014). The global financial crises affected the banks more than any other body and submerged them into acute credit shortage and risks. The historical incidence showed that the regulatory framework and legal systems in the country have important roles to play in the capacity of banks to take credit risks and lend towards the development of the economic sector. The crisis led to more government regulation and formation of laws to help backs create capital buffers to handle financial and credit risks. The incidence showed that the banks need to work under the Basel III standard to be able to avoid any such crash in the future (Vazquez Federico, 2015). As pointed out that failure of the household sector to repay loans eroded the value of the derivative instruments. The banks which lent money to the middle class to buy houses lost huge revenue because their capital was locked in the mortgage. This gave rise to liquidity risks and affected the credit giving capacity of the banks or credit risk(Correa, Goldberg Rice, 2014). The banks of America also relaxed their credit assessment in order to compete with the European banks like Barclays and Royal bank of Scotland. These American banks lowered the risk assessment parameters of their securities and derivative instruments which ultimately led to the unsecured borrowing done only to earn short term revenue. The banks like Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch were sold to at very low prices. AIG was taken over by the government at $85 billion in order to save it from bankruptcy (Diebold Y?lmaz, 2014). Banks are borrowers of money in terms of current accounts and lend money in forms of loans against securities and derivative instruments. The banks make money flow in the global economy and ensure liquidity of funds for production processes in the whole world. The multinational banks are supposed to have more credit giving power than smaller banks. The multinational banks are believed to be at better positions to handle financial crises and follow Basel standards (Kapan Minoiu, 2016). The financial crises led to the fall of big banks which created credit risk and liquidity crunch in the global economy. The derivative market crashed all round the world and the deficiency of available credit enveloped the whole world. The credit risk affected the global economy and created systemic risk which engulfed all the industries creating acute market downfall (Bekaert et al., 2014). Financial derivates products are contracts whose value are dependent on underlying assets like bonds, shares and so on. The mortgages were initially backed by securities which apparently shielded the banks against the risk of losing their credit. The regulatory and approval authorities slackened risk assessment before lending the money which made the loans easily available to the borrowers (Claessens Ratnovski, 2015). The borrowers borrowed huge sum of money against unjustifiable derivate instruments but were not able to pay the loans back. This eroded the value of the securities and caused the share market to crash. Thus, the derivates were acting as securities to guarantee the credibility of the borrowers and the credit giving risks of the banks. They lost their value and risk aversion power due to lack of regulation and assessment from the governments and the lending banks. The derivative market plays a very important role in risk management in the investment function through hed ging and other instruments. Thus failure of the derivative market to hedge risks led to global economic crash (Rajan Zingales, 2015). Financial engineering can help the organisations take risk management decisions and take advantage of the market by choosing between collaterals, swaps and so on. Modern financial engineering can help companies to study the risk and hedge their financial resources to diversify the risk over a large number of financial assets. This helps the companies to derive maximum profit from the portfolio and bring about capital maximisation of the shareholders (Jarrow Chatterjea, 2013). Governance and non-regulatory compliance in risk models or framework help organizations to manage risks and meet their business goals. The stakeholders like the management, employees, governments, financial institutions, customers and supply chains are impacted by the activities of organisations. These stakeholders actually represent the macro economic factors which direct the business strategies of the organisations (Acharya et al., 2013). Financial institutions like banks, especially the multinational banks serve a huge consumer base and enable flow of money between economies. They maintain liquidity of money so that the industrial sector can raise funds to carry on their productions and generate further revenue. The government makes laws and policies which direct lending and borrowing operations of the banks. The apex financial institutions like the Federal Reserve System in the United States of America makes laws and rules which govern the banks and their functions. The laws also have provisions the banks resort to deal with financial crisis (Grubel, 2014). The global financial crisis pointed out that the regulation from government is essential for the banks to manage their market risks and carry on their business. It also showed that even multinational banks need to abide by corporate governance to avoid bankruptcy. The government of the United States created laws to enable the middle class Americans take loans to build houses. The law triggered the banks to lend mortgages against securities having high rate of interests. The regulatory authorities slacked the credit availing requirements to ensure maximum availing of loans. The household sector or the customers availed the loans but were not able to repay them because they were insolvent themselves. The bank authorities or managements relaxed the eligibility criteria and underwriting rules to ensure maximum loan market penetration and revenue. It can be pointed out that the government, customers, manageme nt and employees are all parts of corporate governance. The interact with each other and impact the strategies of the organisations to ensure that its operations benefit them. The government did not create the strict borrowing policies to measure the credibility of the borrowers. The borrowers borrowed money from the banks and could return it back which eroded the liquidity of the banks. Thus, the lack of corporate governance from the side of these stakeholders resulted in erosion of liquidity and risk management. Thus, in other words corporate governance is essential to maintain economic stability and keep the financial crises away (Claessens Yurtoglu, 2013). Risk management models ensure that organisations are able to take and manage risks to earn more profit. The risk management and assessment is done by the top executives drawing strength from market information and organisational structures. The organisations like banks create their own business and risk management models. The management uses various methods to gain measure risk and ensure that the assessment is accurate and feasible. Governance risk management is the tool to examine the strategic strengths of organisations and to make sure that they take risks as per their capabilities. Risk management refers to procedures which the management uses to analyse the business risks and the power of the organisations to diversify them. Risk management frameworks of organisations decide their risk taking propensity and comply to all the legal policies and laws while taking those risks. Today the risk management framework of the organisations is backed by advanced technology and enterprise risk management (DeAngelo Stulz, 2015). The risk management and non-regulatory framework today consists of control of risk management of the organisations by the financial institutions and government bodies. The non regulatory framework tends to guide the risky investments of organisations in order to ensure that they are not hit by the risks. The financial crises in the United States show that the knowledge of the borrowers about their debt paying capability could have acted as a non regulatory check against the crisis. The risk assessment framework of the banks could have acted as non regulatory framework to ensure that the borrowers have the power to pay the debts. Both these non regulatory framework did not contribute towards ensure corporate governance of the banks which actually complemented the weak regulatory framework of the government. The failure of the two catapulted into an economic crash, erosion of global market capital and risk management by the economies (Elbahar, El-Masry Abdelfattah, 2016). The financial crisis made the governments and the corporate sector realise the need of governance, compliance and risk management. The organisations manage risks by entering into business relationship with firms specialised at taking risks. These risk vendors, as these firms are called adopt various models of solution for risk management like Integrated GRC Solution. Domain, Specific GRC Solutions and Point solution to GRC. These risk vendors model data warehouses designed according to the needs of the companies so that the management can take appropriate decision on risk management. The organisations today take help of data warehouses which provide them with large bodies of data to assess the business risks and make accurate strategies to manage risks (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). ISO 31000 is a component of the risk management standard framed by International Organisation of Standard. Today organisations function under complex environment which presents before lot of risks. Risk management help organisations manage risks and use their resources to use efficiently in managing risks. The risk management also includes risks the operations of organisations pose to the society and to the stakeholders. The organisation provides for risk management in various forms which can be applied in companies of varying sizes and scales of operations. ISO 31000:2009 provides directions in general for design, application and maintenance of risk management mechanisms by organisations. The ISO 31000:2009 provide a wide range of risk management mechanisms for the organisations which require enterprise risk management. The parameter covers all strategies, management or tasks of operation spanning all functions, processes and projects. The ISO 31000:009 encompass appointing stakeholders, risk management officers, compliance auditors within the companies and independent analysts (Curkovic, Scannell Wagner, 2013). The ISO 31000:2009 plays very important role to ensure organisations are able to manage risks in such ways to profit from them. This parameter allows the organisations to employ workforce to assess the risks, the consequences and benefits that can be likely derived by taking the risks. The organisations can analyse their own risk taking capability based on their financial strengths, supply chain, market penetration and so on (Riel et al., 2015). The next important role of ISO 31000:2009 then studies the risks and the associated benefits. If the risk management team finds that the risk would benefit the company in a great way like increasing the market position of the organisation or entering a new industry, it may help the company to increase the risk, if required in order to increase the benefit. The parameter also has provisions of removing risks or changing the likelihood of the risk. This helps the companies to avoid risks which are likely to result in huge financial losses or have dire consequences on the firm. The next important role played by ISO 31000:2009 also has provisions for sharing the risks with other companies or parties. They involve entering into contracts with firms and companies which have expertise in financing risky projects. They even have provisions for the management of the companies to retain the risky position if they consider those positions as a part of their business strategies (Dallas Director , 2013). The ISO 31000:2009 provides standard of risk management which can be followed by organisations irrespective of their sizes, locations, activity or sectors. The risk management parameters are even more applicable in todays world in order to maintain resilience in the global economy. The financial crisis of 2007-2008 which hit the United States showed how economic problem of one part of the world can create a chain of events capable of disrupting the entire global economy. The advancement of technology, intense global competition, emergence of new markets and so on have made the economies more interdependent. Today the emerging markets like China and India interact more than with the developed markets like North America and Europe. These countries are home to several multinational companies who have considerable business assets in other economies and worth billions of dollars. The less developed markets are dependent on these countries and companies for their very sustenance. These com panies cater to a global consumer base and generate revenue for the governments of their home as well as host countries (Baylis, Smith, Owens, 2013). Thus, a bankruptcy in any of these companies can create chain of events which can hit the entire global economies. The companies are increasing stressing on functioning in sustainable environment. A parameter like ISO 31000:2009 can help companies to assess and manage risks better which will help them to avert unprofitable risks. They can also save their material, human and financial resources which would have been employed to deal with the risk. Thus, such parameter can contribute making the global environment more favourable to investment by managing risks (Bremmer, 2014). Sustenance has emerged as a new way of operating in the global economy where companies work towards adopting environment friendly ways. The companies require to invest huge amount of money towards adopting sustainable technology which involves considerable risks. ISO 31000:2009 acts as parameters which help companies to assess the limit of risks to be taken to adopt sustainable means of operations. The companies are considered as social identities which should function in sustainable means to ensure conservation of environment. Thus, such parameters go a long way in applying sustainable ways by assessing the risk associated with them (Fletcher Bianchi, 2014). Risk management has emerged as a very large area spanning over all the economies. Risk management has become important due to interdependence between countries and companies. Globalisation and advanced technology have brought nations so close that a wrong risk assessment in one part and sector can affect the whole world. The financial crises show the need of government and institutional participation to ensure risk management and smooth function of all organisation even multinational banks. The governments, customers and all the other stakeholders need to examine the risks associated with investments before transforming them into action. It requires responsible corporate governance and conduct from all the stakeholders. The risk management parameters of ISO 31000:2009 help organisations to assess risks and avoid a recurrence of financial crisis 2007-2008. References: Acharya, V. V., Gottschalg, O. F., Hahn, M., Kehoe, C. (2013). Corporate governance and value creation: Evidence from private equity.Review of Financial Studies,26(2), 368-402. Baylis, J., Smith, S., Owens, P. (2013).The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Bekaert, G., Ehrmann, M., Fratzscher, M., Mehl, A. (2014). The global crisis and equity market contagion.The Journal of Finance,69(6), 2597-2649. Bremmer, I. (2014). The new rules of globalization.Harvard Business Review,92(1), 103-107. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Claessens, S., Ratnovski, L. (2015). What is shadow banking?. Claessens, S., Yurtoglu, B. B. (2013). Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, 1-33. Correa, R., Goldberg, L. S., Rice, T. (2014).Liquidity risk and US bank lending at home and abroad(No. w20285). National Bureau of Economic Research. Curkovic, S., Scannell, T., Wagner, B. (2013). ISO 31000: 2009 Enterprise and Supply Chain Risk Management: A Longitudinal Study.American Journal of Industrial and Business Management,3(07), 614. Dallas, M., Director, A. P. M. (2013). Management of Risk: Guidance for Practitioners and the international standard on risk management, ISO 31000: 2009.The Stationary Office. DeAngelo, H., Stulz, R. M. (2015). Liquid-claim production, risk management, and bank capital structure: Why high leverage is optimal for banks.Journal of Financial Economics,116(2), 219-236. Diebold, F. X., Y?lmaz, K. (2014). On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms.Journal of Econometrics,182(1), 119-134. Elbahar, E., El-Masry, A. A., Abdelfattah, T. (2016). Corporate governance and risk management in GCC Banks. Fletcher, W. J., Bianchi, G. (2014). The FAOEAF toolbox: making the ecosystem approach accessible to all fisheries.Ocean Coastal Management,90, 20-26. Grubel, H. G. (2014). A theory of multinational banking.PSL Quarterly Review,30(123). Helleiner, E. (2014).The status quo crisis: Global financial governance after the 2008 meltdown. Oxford University Press. Jarrow, R. A., Chatterjea, A. (2013).An introduction to derivative securities, financial markets, and risk management. WW Norton Company. Kapan, T., Minoiu, C. (2016). Balance sheet strength and bank lending during the global financial crisis. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Mensah, J. M. K. (2015). The failure of Lehman Brothers: causes, preventive measures and recommendations.Browser Download This Paper. Rajan, R. G., Zingales, L. (2015). The Economic Functions of Derivatives Markets.The Economics of Derivatives, 22. Reinhart, C. (2013). Goodbye inflation targeting, hello fear of floating? Latin America after the global financial crisis. Riel, A., Lelah, A., Mandil, G., Rio, M., Tichkiewitch, S., Zhang, F., Zwolinski, P. (2015). An Innovative Approach to Teaching Sustainable Design and Management.Procedia CIRP,36, 29-34. Vazquez, F., Federico, P. (2015). Bank funding structures and risk: Evidence from the global financial crisis.Journal of Banking Finance,61, 1-14.

Renaissance Music Essay Example For Students

Renaissance Music Essay The Renaissance was a period by which modern scholars consider as that between 1350 ?1600. Abundant in this new age was inventions and individualistic beliefs. Changes in music and cultural behavior were some of the most evident development from its predecessor of the Middle ages. Period of new inventions, belief, musical styles of freedom, and individuality. It was a period of exploration and adventure from 1492-1519, which saw the likes of Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan. This was a drastic difference from the Middle Ages where the church held most of the power. The power was slowly transferring to the artist, musician, and people of high society. The word ? Renaissance? means rebirth. Used by artist and musician to recover and apply the ancient learning and standards of Greece and Rome. Rich Italian cities, such as Florence, Ferrari, and milanland Venice started the Renaissance Age. Because these cities were very wealthy, people started spending money on different things, such as painting, learning materials, and new systems of government. These were good times for most and because of the ever-changing styles and attitudes towards culture and the church, music was the best buy for the money. This all gave rise to a new type of sc holar, called the humanist. Humanism was a subject concerned with human kind and the culture. Painters and sculptors now used subjects from classical literature and mythology such as characters from Homers epic poems. Painters like Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci were more interested in realism and used linear perspective in creating their subjects. The nude body was a favorite theme of the ages where as in the Middle Ages was an object of shame and concealment.Artist was no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they were known in the past, but for the first time emerged as independent thinkers. The Catholic Church was far less powerful now than they had been in the Middle ages. The church no longer monopolized learning or the minds of the common worshiper.Aristocrats and the upper middle class now considered education a status symbol and music was an intricate part of that status quote. The invention of print accelerated the spread of learning. Johan Gutenberg was credited with printing the first Bible during this period, which gave this excellent piece of literature a wider audience. The printing press made books much easier to come by which made them cheaper. Now common people could afford a literary luxury, which was once only accessible to the rich. Therefore, literacy became more widespread since common people had access to all forms of print to include music. With the Renaissance was the idea of the universal man, every educated person was expected to be trained in music. As in the Middle Ages, the musicians worked in churches, courts and towns. The church remained an important patron of music, but musical activity gradually shifted to the courtyards. Kings princes and dukes competed for the finest composers. With this, new found fame musicians enjoyed higher status and pay than ever before. Composers were regarded higher and held important positions throughout Europe. Many musicians became interested in politics in hopes that their status as a musician or composer would help to foster ones careers. This was a sharp contrast from most of the Renaissance composers and musicians. Most were from the Low Countries and from families that were not of prominate nobility. In the renaissance, as in the Middle Ages vocal music was more important than instrumental music. The humanistic interest in language influenced vocal music in a new way. As a result, an especially close relationship was created between words and music. Composers often used word painting, musical representation of specific poetic images. Renaissance music sounds were more full than medieval music and had a more pleasing affect to the ear. New emphasis was put on the bass line for a richer harmony. Choruses music did not need instrumental accompaniment. The period was called the gold age of unaccompanied a Cappella choral music. This is where the present day barber shops quartet originated. This new technique made renaissance music both a pleasure and challenge, for each singer had to maintain an individual rhythm. This must have been an innovation and refreshing change from the old monotone chanting choruses. .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a , .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a .postImageUrl , .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a , .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a:hover , .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a:visited , .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a:active { border:0!important; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a:active , .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u589f655d530b91a5dd09c46790cfb80a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Holiday On Mackinaw Island Argumentative EssayA new style of relating to the counterpoint was now spawning, in which bass voices were given greater independence. This took the average Mass to a different level of complexity and meaning. It created two forms of sacred music of the renaissance, which were the Motet and the Mass. The Motet was a polyphonic choral composition made up of five sections: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus and Agnus. Josquin Desprez was a master of renaissance music. His compositions, which strongly influenced other, and were enthusiastically, welcomed by music lovers. Among the most important renaissance composers was Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrine, who devoted himself to music for the catholic church. During the early 1500s, Protestants who sought to correct abuses within the structure that occurred in the past challenged the church. This led to the founding of the Jesuit order in 1540, which considered questions of organization with in the church. They discussed church music, which they felt lost its purity and wholesomeness that was essential to a place of worship. Church music was attacked because it used tunes, noisy instruments, and theatrical singing portraying the church as being just a place for entertainment. The council finally decreed that church music should be composed not to give empty pleasure to the ear, but to inspire religious contemplation. Palestrinas pope Marcellus Mass was long thought to have convinced the council that masses should be kept in catholic worship. Although it is now known that it did not play a role in the c ouncil decision, it does reflect the councils desire for a clear projection of the sacred text. During the renaissance secular vocal music became increasingly popular. This was music written for groups of solo voices with the accompaniment of instruments. Composers delighted in imitating natural sounds such as birds or animals that were more serene. Madrigal was an important vocal music, which had a piece for secular solo voices set to short poems. Madrigal originated in Italy around 1520 and was published by the thousands in sixteenth century Italy. Among many Italian madrigalists were Luca marenzio and Carlo Gesualdo the prince of veno who had his wife and her lover murdered after finding them in bed together. In 1588 the year of the defeat of the Spanish armada, a volume of Italian madrigals was published in London. This triggered a spurt of madrigal writing by English composers, and for about thirty years, there was a steady flow of English madrigals and other secular vocal music. Traditionally instrumentalist accompanied voices or played music intended for singing. During the sixteenth century however instrumental music became increasingly emancipated from vocal models. Renaissance musicians distinguished between loud outdoor instruments like trumpets and the shawm, which was a double reeded ancestor of the oboe, and soft indoor instruments like the lute and the recorder (an early flute). Large courts might employ thirty instrumentalists of all types. On state occasions such as Royal wedding, woodwinds, plucked bowed strings, and keyboard, instruments all playing would entertain quest together. In conclusion, the renaissance gave way to a new generation of music, musicians and composers. During the Renaissance, music were no longer regarded as mere skilled craftsman, as they had been in the medieval past, but for the first time emerged as independent personalities. The Renaissance was a time of new awakening in Europe. Bibliography:Work CitedPerry, Marvin, Chase Myrna, Jacob James R, Jacob Margaret C, Von Laue Theodore H.Western Civilization. New Jersey, Princeton, 1996Kamien, RogerMusic, an appreciation, Boston, 1998Mc Comb, Todd M.A Selection of Renaissance Music, Internet, www.medieval.org,